William James Essay -- philosophy of pragmatism

William James was a philosopher and psychologist but was most well known in the field of Psychology for developing the philosophy of pragmatism, or the Functionalist theory: "Theory of mental life and behavior that is concerned with how an organism uses its perceptual abilities to function in its environment." He was also the first Psychologist to be born in America.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  William James was born on January 11, 1842 in New York City. His father, Henry James Sr. was a Swednborgian theologian, and one of his brothers was the great novelist Henry James. Throughout his youth, William attended private schools in the United States and Europe. He later attended the Lawrence Scientific School at Harvard University and then Harvard Medical School, where he received his degree in 1869 in the field of Physiology. The way that William got into the field of Psychology was that he got his degree in physiology and also enjoyed studying philosophy in his spare time, in psychology, he found, linked the two together. Before finishing his medical studies, he went on an exploring expedition in Brazil with the Swiss-American naturalist Louis Agassiz and also studied psychology in Germany. During this time, William retired due to illness but that didn’t stop his from excelling in the field. Three years later, in 1872, at the age of thirty, William become an instructor in physiology at Harvard University. In 1875, William started teaching Psychology at Harvard and after 1880 he was teaching both cl...

Female Education Essay

Napoleon once said â€Å"Give me an educated mother and I will give you an educated nation. † This statement is enough to prove the importance of female education. Allah has created both man and woman equally. They are like the two sides of a coin. One is incomplete without the other. So, education cannot be the only possession of a single class or sex. Rather, it should be imparted equally to both men and women. Our religion has also made education compulsory for all. In the past, our women folk were confined within the four walls of home. Parents did not allow them to receive education and to participate in any outside work. Early marriage, religious misinterpretation and the narrowness of our outlook were mainly responsible for this. Parents thought it waste of time and money to educate their girls. They did not understand that if girl children were educated they could be as competent as male children. As our women folk constitute almost half of our total population, no real development is possible keeping them uneducated. On the other hand, an educated mother plays a very important role in making and shaping the character of her children. She knows well how to bring up her children, to educate them and to make them worthy. In domestic life, she can also extend her helping hand to her husband. So, there is no alternative to female education. It is a matter of great delight that women have started to come out of their cocoons. Being educated, they are joining a wide range of professions. They have been able to prove their abilities. So, the disadvantages of early marriage and religious misinterpretation must be removed. Our outlook about women must be changed. More schools and colleges for girls should be set up to spread female education. Recently the scenario of female education has started to change. Many socio-economic factors are responsible for this change. All possible facilities of female education have been extended. Education for girls up to degree level has been made free with a monthly stipend. This encourages them to continue their education. We should remember that only educated women can change the picture of our society. So, all of us should come forward to spread female education. The overall state of female education in Bangladesh is not yet satisfactory. In the past, women were in the boundary of their houses. They usually spent their time doing their household chores. They were deprived of education. But the situation has been changed now. Now-a-days, they are admitting into schools, colleges and universities. The rate of literacy in our country is about 60% whereas female literacy is about 40%. Female education is necessary for getting an educated nation. Because, an educated mother can give an educated nation. There are many advantages of female education. A child will never remain illiterate if his/her mother is educated. An educated woman can play various roles in the family. She can impart himself in different business and jobs. As a result, she can contribute to the family income. However, government should do something more to educate the female. â€Å"No need girl’s education, they are born only for taking care of their families†- this idea was stereotype in the early past of Bangladesh. The birth of a boy child was a blessing for the parents and a girl child was like a curse. It is a surprising matter that a girl child also comes like a boy child from mother’s womb and father’s blood but still that child is unexpected to her parents. In reality, a father and mother can never hate their children. Actually, the society made the rule to neglect the girl children. As Bangladesh is considers as a Muslim country, most of its population are Muslim. The Bangladeshi people thought that their religion had ordered them to keep their women and female children inside the house and keep them in safe. As a result, the parents always wanted a male child to earn for the family and protect their old age. From a theological research, it has found that the beliefs which were followed by our ancestors were based on wrong concepts. The holy books actually suggested keeping women in safe, not to confine them into four walls where they do not have any liberty. These books also suggested that a woman can even participate in the warfare if she is able to protect herself. Very slowly but the people started to change their mentality when they were becoming educated and started realizing that it was useless to achieve success without women as a mother is the first teacher of a child. If a mother is illiterate there is much possibility that the child will be uneducated. To cure this problem, Begum Rokeya, the pioneer of giving the light of education to the Muslim Bengali girls. This social movement of educating girls was very slow and at that time people were against of this blessed work. She kept patience and opened a girls’ school. She made people to understand about the benefit of the girl’s education by giving the religious points. Though it took time to convince people, it worked. People understood the necessity of the girls’ education and started sending their daughters into the school. This idea was so effective because a nation can have more achievements if the entire nation works together for success, not the half of the nation. The government also realized that this is an innovative idea and so the†¦ It is the height of selfishness for men, who fully appreciate in their own case the great advantage of a good education, to deny these advantages to women. There is no valid argument by which the exclusion of the female sex from the privilege of education can be defended. It is argued that women have their domestic duties to perform and that, if they were educated, they would bury themselves in their books and have little time for atten ding to the management of their households. Of course, it is possible for women as it is for men to neglect work in order to spare more time for reading sensational novels. But women are no more liable to this temptation than men and most women would be able to do their household work the entire better for being able to refresh their minds in the intervals of leisure with a little reading. Nay, education would even help them in the performance of the narrowest sphere of womanly duty. For education involves knowledge of the means by which health may be preserved and enable a mother to consult such modern books as will tell her how to rear up her children into healthy men and women and skillfully nurse them and her husband, when disease attacks her household. Without education she will not be averse to listen, with fatal results, to the advice of superstitious quacks that pretend to work wonder by charms and magic. But, according to higher conception of women’s sphere, women ought to be something more than a household drudge. She ought to be able not merely to nurse her husband in sickness but also to be his companion in health. For this part of her wifely duty, education is necessary, for there cannot be congenial companionship between an educated husband and an uneducated wife who can converse with her husband on no higher subject than cookery and servant’s wages. Also, one of a mother’s highest duties is the education of her children at the time when their mind is not amenable to instruction. A child’s whole future life, to a large extent, depends on the teaching it receives in early childhood and it is needless to say that this first foundation of education cannot be well laid by an ignorant mother. On all these grounds female education is a vital necessity. Gender inequality in education is extreme. Girls are less likely to access school, to remain in school or to achieve in education. Education helps men and women claim their rights and realise their potential in the economic, political and social arenas. It is also the single most powerful way to lift people out of poverty. Education plays a particularly important role as a foundation for girls’ development towards adult life. It should be an intrinsic part of any strategy to address the gender-based discrimination against women and girls that remains prevalent in many societies. The following links will further explain the necessity of girls’/women’s education. Education is a right Cultural changes Better health and awareness Poverty reduction Education is a right Everybody has the right to education, which has been recognised since the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) in 1948. The right to free and compulsory primary education, without discrimination and of good quality, has been reaffirmed in all major international human rights conventions. Many of these same instruments encourage, but do not guarantee, post-primary education. These rights have been further elaborated to address issues like quality and equity, moving forward the issue of what the right to education means, and exploring how it can be achieved. As a minimum: states must ensure that basic education is available, accessible, acceptable and adaptable for all. (4A scheme) The right of girls to education is one of the most critical of all rights – because education plays an important role in enabling girls and women to secure other rights. Cultural changes Cultural and traditional values stand between girls and their prospects for education. The achievement of girls’ right to education can address some of societies’ deeply rooted inequalities, which condemn millions of girls to a life without quality education – and, therefore, also all too often to a life of missed opportunities. Improving educational opportunities for girls and women helps them to develop skills that allow them to make decisions and influence community change in key areas. One reason for denying girls and women their right to an education is rarely articulated by those in charge: that is their fear of the power that girls will have through education. There is still some resistance to the idea that girls and women can be trusted with education. Education is also seen in some societies as a fear of change and now with globalization, the fear becomes even greater- fear to lose the cultural identity, fear of moving towards the unknown or the unwanted, fear of dissolving in the many others. Better health Basic education provides girls and women with an understanding of basic health, nutrition and family planning, giving them choices and the power to decide over their own lives and bodies. Women’s education leads directly to better reproductive health, improved family health, economic growth, for the family and for society, as well as lower rates of child mortality and malnutrition. It is also key in the fight against the spread of HIV & AIDS. Poverty reduction Educating girls and women is an important step in overcoming poverty. Inequality and poverty are not inevitable. â€Å"The focus on poverty reduction enables the right to education to be a powerful tool in making a change in the lives of girls and women. Poverty has been universally affirmed as a key obstacle to the enjoyment of human rights, and it has a visible gender profile. The main reason for this is the fact that poverty results from violations of human rights, including the right to education, which disproportionately affect girls and women. Various grounds of discrimination combine, trapping girls in a vicious downward circle of denied rights. Denial of the right to education leads to exclusion from the labour market and marginalisation into the informal sector or unpaid work. This perpetuates and increases women’s poverty. †

The Mass Culture Critique and Perezhilton.Com - 1904 Words

The past two years has seen the media landscape undergo significant developments. New technology, such as the Internet, has fuelled the emergence of new media forms and schisms within the media industry. Mario Armando Lavandeira’s Hollywood celebrity gossip website, PerezHilton.com, exploits a new brand of journalism – blogging. There are innumerable media theories which could be used to analyse such a specific example of the media. This essay will explore Mass Culture Critique and its critical relation to PerezHilton.com by investigating mass communication concepts such as hegemony, aesthetic levels, economic motivation, and passive consumers. Mass society theory emerged in the late nineteenth century when the invention of the†¦show more content†¦The Independent (2007) reports that Lavandeira has never been motivated by money, he just wants as many people as possible to read the website. Lavandeira has admitted his desire to become a celebrity himself, and along with others in the media industry, he seeks respect and esteem, especially from A-list celebrities. There are, however, concerns about his gargantuan popularity. PerezHilton.com is reported to attract between two to eight million viewers per day, raising questions to whether this mass blog will eventually â€Å"sell-out† to desperately eager advertising companies. â€Å"The mass media are dominated – or too much influenced – by advertisers.† It is true that Lavandeira relies on advertising and sponsorship to maintain his site as it defrays numerous copyright infringement lawsuits; however, he continues to write his blogs without altering the content or making it subservient to the site’s advertising. Due to his infamous popularity, advertisers need PerezHilton.com as much as it needs them. If anything, Lavandeira uses the blog to advertise himself and his perspective of particular celebrities. â€Å"The mass media do not provide an adequate forum for minority views – the dissident and unorthodox.† Conversely, mass media, and the Internet inShow MoreRelatedThe Mass Culture Critique And Perezhilton.Com Essay1851 Words   |  8 PagesArmando Lavandeira’s Hollywood celebrity gossip website, PerezHilton.com, exploits a new brand of journalism – blogging. There are innumerable media theories which could be used to analyse such a specific example of the media. This essay will explore Mass Culture Critique and its critical relation to PerezHilton.com by investigating mass communication concepts such as hegemony, aesthetic levels, economic motivation, and passive consumers. Mass society theory emerged in the late nineteenth centuryRead MoreImportance of Blogs and Online Journalism1853 Words   |  8 Pagesbelieved that the future of journalism will be digital and include a greater number of independent journalists (Gasher, Skinner, Lorimer, 2012). While it is believed that this will lead to more journalistic independence, the movement also has its critiques. It is thought, for example, that journalists will struggle to keep up with the high speeds of new media, confining them to their desks and preventing story development (Gasher, Skinner, Lorimer, 2012). This instantaneous movement of informationRead MoreHow the ‘Culture Industry’ had Profound Social Impacts in Society2017 Words   |  9 Pagesphilosophers developed the ‘Culture Industry Theory’ in the 1940s, in light of the disturbed society they had seen during this time. They witnessed how Nazi Fascism used mass media such as films, radio and newspapers to brainwash millions into partaking in this ideology. Similarly they saw the rise of Capitalism in America, which also used mass media such as Hollywood films and advertising to disseminate the masses into the capitalist Ideology. This essay will evaluate how the ‘culture industry’ had profoundRead MoreGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words   |  99 PagesEthics b. Government and scientist role in science c. Rely too much on technology? d. Nuclear technology e. Genetic modification f. Right tech for wrong reasons 3. Arts/Culture a. Arts have a future in Singapore? b. Why pursue Arts? c. Arts and technology d. Uniquely Singapore: Culture 4. Environment a. Developed vs. Developing b. Should environment be saved at all costs c. Are we doing enough to save the environment? d. Main reasons for environmental problems

Mayflower A Story Of Courage, Community, And War

Mayflower: A Story of Courage, Community, and War by Nathaniel Philbrick Mayflower: A story of courage,community,and war is about the lives of Pilgrims and the new lifestyle they are entering. The mayflower was the ship that transported the Pilgrims to the New World in 1620. Mr.Philbrick discusses the relationships amongst the England Pilgrims and their new neighbors the Native Americans. Upon meeting, there is already distrust between the two groups because they do not fully know each other. The pilgrims and native americans are now on a long voyage to accumulate trust,build a relationship, adapt to the new lifestyle. Ten weeks into the journey,the mayflower was coming across the Atlantic Ocean. The voyage must be completed by the†¦show more content†¦The food supply starts to decrease and there are only seven houses that are built within that year on the region. While approaching winter, it is approximately two people who die per day due to hunger, the weather, and sickness.Several conflicts have occurred between the Pilgrims and the Native Americans that could lead to severe attacks. In one location of the New World, more than 175 Pilgrims begin to fight the local Native Americans for their goods and food supply which created excessive violence. According to Mr. Philbrick, there high levels of racism from both group . State officials of Massachusetts began to relocate several Native Americans off the Boston Harbor. The Pilgrims eventually meet some Native Americans in the area and are able to form a trading alliance that would benefit both parties. The pilgrims and native americans formed what is now called Thanksgiving. Massasoit was the most powerful Native American leader in the region. His group had been battling disease and approximately ninety percent of the region s Native Americans died from what may have been bubonic plague that had also killed some of the mayflower passengers. Furthermore, England was in a civil war and migration to the New World decreased. Some settlers returned to England and joined the impeachment of King Charles.The king ended up getting executed in 1649. After the execution, England became Puritan. England was nowShow MoreRelatedAmerican Dreams And The American Dream1728 Words   |  7 Pageshave been dreaming since the Mayflower arrived in the New World and the American Dream itself has withstood threats up until this very day to all of its internal characteristics: international peace, health, leadership, wealth, supremacy, and equality. H.W. Brands states in his book American Dreams that â€Å"Americans had dreamed since our national birth, and in the twenty-first century we are dreaming still†. Both Brands’ story and Nathaniel Philbrick’s account in Mayflower assist significantly in proving

Essay on Iago; The Representation of Villainy in Othello

A villain is defined as an evil character in a novel, movie, play, or other story, especially one who is the main enemy of the hero according to Encarta Dictionary. In Othello, Iago fits this definition perfectly though Othello does not recognize that Iago is his enemy until the end of the story. Iago is the evil-minded, backstabbing character in this dramatic story. He demonstrates this villainy act all through out the story beginning with being angry with Othello for not appointing him as lieutenant, his revenge on cassio for taking his place as lieutenant, and setting up Desdemona to look like she is cheating on Othello. His machinations are so effective because they flow consistently. From the very start, Iagos manipulations†¦show more content†¦Cassio is least fortunate than Othello. Cassio has been a target since the beginning of the story also not because of anger, but because of revenge. Poor Cassio does not have a clue about any of the misleading telltales th at Iago has influenced Othello to believe. After Iago gains Othellos trust, he devices a plan to plant Othellos handkerchief on Cassios bed, setting Desdemona and Cassio up so when Othello asks Cassio for his handkerchief, Cassio would show it to Othello thus proving that Desdemona and Cassio were having an affair. Before all this, Emilia, Iagos wife, finds the handkerchief from Desdemonas bedroom and gives it to Iago later that night, allowing the plan to work out which she has no idea about. Othello by now is already distrusting Desdemona as well as looking down on her. By Act 3, Scene 3, Othello has every right to believe Iago because his trust is on him and his words are factual. Desdemona cannot influence Othello to believe in her. All the signs prove that she is a liar. Desdemona is the least most fortunate innocent character in this story. Throughout the whole story, she has been the one that has been faithful. Iagos intention is to help Rodrigo attain Desdemona, but also at the same time ruin Othello. Othello believes that Desdemona and Cassio are having an affair because they talk among one another in secret in regards to reappointing Cassio as lieutenant after being demoted for fightingShow MoreRelatedOthello Character Analysis1678 Words   |  7 Pagesmasterpieces and tragedies such as Hamlet, Othello, Macbeth, King Lear and Romeo and Juliet caused a remarkable turning point in English literature as whole, and English drama in particular.His play Othellois one of his unforgettable tragedies. The play of Othello is the finest example of Shakespeare’s poetic and narrative style. Thus, Shakespeare is known as the most influential dramatist whose tragedies found the way to interact with the audience.Shakespeare’s Othello is about jealousy, revenge and deceptionRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1456 Words   |  6 Pages Othello, a tragic play written by William Shakespeare centers around the characters and the conflict that arise as a result of the character’s perception of the world. Each character’s self-influenced perception of truth and appearance either blinds them from deception or enables them to manipulate others. Othello is virtuous, trustworthy, and naive and believes that people are what they appear to be which ultimately results in his demise. Lagos, on the other hand, is a complicated character

Role of Women in Forest Management Free Essays

————————————————- Cudia, Jane Victoria A. February 23, 2011 2007-15891Soc Sci 180 Role of Women in Forest Management Increasingly, the role of indigenous peoples in forest management and conservation had been recognized on the international level. Even if forest management and conservation had been an indigenous practice since time immemorial, recognition of indigenous peoples roles started only three or four decades ago. We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Women in Forest Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, indigenous peoples as protectors of the environment are taken as a whole disregarding the contribution of roles and differences as contributing factors to the continuous practice of forest management and conservation. In terms of IP roles in forest management and conservation, gender is a very important thing to consider. Given an indigenous social and political context, the management of forests is communal. In general, forest management is primarily the domain of men. Women’s participation on the other hand primarily lies in forest protection because there is an intimate relationship between IP women and the forest (Caguioa, 2011). However, problem lies in the lack of recognition in national policies as to the roles of IP women in forest management and conservation. The pine forest of Brgy. Agawa, Besao, Mt. Province is a communal forest shared by different communities managed mostly by indigenous peoples. For the people of Brgy. Agawa, the forest or langdas is the source of livelihood and a place where their unique culture thrive, one of the major features of indigenous peoples. In terms of livelihood, the langdas is the source of wild fruits and animals, lumber, and firewood. In the indigenous law they practice, selling of pine lumber is prohibited. Also, outsiders are prohibited from getting anything from the langdas making the practice sustainable. In terms of tradition and culture, they believe that there are spirits guarding the rivers and forests. This is one of the reasons why indigenous peoples do not exploit the forest resources. Also, they manage the forest in a sustainable way because of the belief that their ancestors, who were buried in sacred places, mingle with their affairs. The role of women in environment protection, forest management, and conservation is very significant. Two of the key informants of the study conducted by Caguioa (2011) and her colleagues are old women who spent most of their life living in the area. The people of Brgy. Agawa, has a history of resistance in protecting the langdas and the environment. One sign of protest they had done before was the exposure of older women’s breast to oppose people who wanted to operate saw mills in the area back in the 1940s. In response to the secret resin tapping activities done to pine trees that operated during the 1970s, women of Besao secretly removed the plastic catchers and burned all of it. In general, women of Agawa, Besao, Mt. Province show their protest in the regional and national level in opposition of road construction, mining, and logging projects that will ruin the langdas. Amidst globalization, vulgar consumerism, high demands from the market, and laws that treat us all equals [sometimes even without regard to culture], the people of Brgy. Agawa, Besao, Mt. Province especially women managed the forest in a sustainable way. Following their traditions and belief systems, they had managed to conserve the forest by following natural mechanisms to restore the forest. Given the resources and knowledge systems we have as members of the dominant and so called â€Å"developed† society, we should devise forest management and conservation mechanisms that are easy and applicable. However, due to a market-driven economy we engage in, we have no control over our resources anymore. The working mechanism that works today is â€Å"what the market demands, the market gets† even at the expense of the environment and the people who manages to protect and conserve the forest. Forest management, although primarily dominated by men, it should be the domain of all even if there are differences in gender. As seen in the case of Brgy. Agawa, Mt. Province, women had great contributions in forest management and conservation. It all goes down to this: in effective forest management and conservation, gender roles and differences have a lot to offer. Reference: Caguioa, M. C. (2011). Panagsalaknib ti Langdas: Role of Indigenous Women in Forest Management in Brgy. Agawa, Besao, Mt. Province from the Global Lecture Series on Indigenous Peoples’ Studies (University of the Philippines Baguio). How to cite Role of Women in Forest Management, Papers

Vision and Leadership Reflection Report Sample

Reflection Point Your Thoughts Based on the previous opportunity journal, as an entrepreneur, you have idea(s) on the type of business that you want to start. What skills do you need to develop if you want to run this visionary business? What skills can you develop prior to the launch and early stages of your company? Can you create a simple plan to develop these skills? 1. As mentioned by Guirdham (2005) a leader should be influential so that he can take the team forward. A vision can be created only when the leader is accommodative to the ideas and builds peoples trust (Doherty, 2010). 2. Trust is always built with the help of a process and this cannot be through coercion. Therefore it is important that I develop listening skills. 3. The plan that I intend to follow is based on the model of Blake Moulton, grid management. I intend to be more task and people oriented and non authoritarian in terms of the control. Think about the people you like to join you in the founding team. What sorts of skills, values, experiences that you are looking for in the founding members? How will you find these members? 1. The founding members should be charismatic in nature and should be team player. They should be committed in their work. The founding members should be inspirational (Bold, 2011). 2. The process of finding members will be on the basis of recruitment. Skilled staff requires more in terms of the rewards that are quantitative and qualitative in nature. Think about the people you like employ. What sorts of skills, values, experiences that you are looking for in your first few employees? How will you find these employees? 1. Employees should be able to use the tasks in a diligent manner and should be careful in solving the problems in an optimal manner. Ability and will to learn is the important characteristic that will be looked in the employees. 2. The recruitment will be on the basis of the new trends in the markets. Young employees at reasonable costs can be recruited through social media (Doherty, 2010). Identify your personality types using MBTI (https://www.humanmetrics.com/cgi-win/JTypes1.htm) . Which character of your personality type (see Otto Kroeger caricature on Week 4 Light Reading Section in LMS) that will be beneficial for an entrepreneur? Which character of your personality type that you think can hinder your entrepreneurial journey? And how will you work on them? Sixteen types of psychological pairs are addresses in the test. My test results stated that my personality type is ESFJ (Extraversion, Sensing, Feelings and Judgemental). I am friendly to the external environment and have judgemental qualities for the decision making. My extrovert qualities can sometimes be taken in a wrong manner and therefore I should be more cautious in dealing with people. Organizational Chart Visionary Organizational Chart, Romanowski, 2014 References Bold, E-O 2011, Instruments and techniques used in design and implementation of change management, Journal of Advanced Research in Management, Vol 2, Iss. 1(3), p. 5-13. Doherty, R 2010, Getting social with recruitment, Strategic HR Review, Vol. 9, Iss. 6, p. 11-15. Guirdham, M 2005, Communicating Across Cultures at Work (2nd edition), New York: Palgrave MacMillan. Romanowski, D 2014, How a Simple Chart can derive accountability [Online]. Accessed on 22 August 2014.